‘Internet of nature’ helps researchers explore the web of life

A novel paper led by Dr. Ulrich Brose of the German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) and the Friedrich Schiller University Jena is widening the understanding of how species interact within ecosystems via the so-called “Internet of Nature.”

Published in Nature Ecology and Evolution, the paper reveals that species not only exchange matter and energy but also share vital information that influences behavior, interactions, and ecosystem dynamics—revealing previously hidden characteristics of natural ecosystems.

Traditionally, ecological studies have concentrated on material interactions, such as feeding, pollination, and seed dispersal. However, this new paper shines a light on the essential role of information exchange between species.

“An understanding of processes in natural ecosystems without considering the flow of information through the Internet of Nature would be similar to trying to understand where and why goods are shipped in human societies without taking the Internet into account,” explains first author Uli Brose, head of the Theory in Biodiversity Science research group at iDiv.

Integrating these two flows—information with traditional material linkages like food webs—alters the understanding of how disturbances spread within ecosystems (perturbation propagation) and how communities resist or recover from those disruptions (community stability).

Three layers of information exchange

The researchers identify three types of information links within ecosystems: trophic information links, pure information links, and environmental information links.

Trophic information links involve cues exchanged between predators and prey—for instance, wolves use trails and visual sightings to locate elk, while elk respond to the presence of wolves by grouping and hiding in dense vegetation.

Pure information links capture interactions between species not directly involved in feeding, such as those sharing a common predator or resource. For example, when a hyena observes a circling vulture, it carefully watches the vulture’s behavior to infer the possible presence of a nearby carcass.

This visual cue is part of the information flows that constitute the “Internet of Nature,” shaping species’ movements and interactions.

Environmental information links allow species to adapt their movements and behaviors in response to signals from their surroundings, including climate cues or temperature variations. Examples include moths responding to light at night, spiders building their webs close to light sources, and chameleons changing their camouflage and colors in response to their environment.

Understanding interconnectedness amidst change

The authors also highlight how disruptions caused by human activities like artificial light, noise, and scent, known as sensory pollution, can alter information landscapes, reshaping behavior and ecological dynamics.

“Road traffic and industrial structures not only pollute the air but also interfere with the vibrational signals that ants, for example, use to coordinate their activities,” explains co-author Dr. Myriam Hirt of iDiv and the University of Jena.

“That is just one example of how human activities can disrupt the vibrational and pheromonal communication essential for insect reproduction, foraging, and social cohesion.”

Changes to the medium through which species communicate can disrupt signal transmission and information exchange, potentially hindering species’ ability to communicate, find resources, or adapt to their environment, underscoring the need for conservation strategies that mitigate sensory pollution.

Building on research in food web ecology, the authors call for prioritizing further investigation into information flow networks, such as identifying the senders and receivers of signals, understanding sensory capacity and decay rates, and collecting data through tools, like natural audioscapes and vibration profiles.

“Accounting for the internet of nature will shift our perception of how animals, plants, and microbes act in the living world from a concept of passive particle movement as in physics or chemistry to a more realistic emphasis on living beings that produce and use information,” Brose adds.

“The consequences of this shift go beyond the ecological theory playground and will have a substantial impact on how we protect not only the species’ habitats but also their information pathways through the medium.”